di GIOVANNI IOZZOLI (in Carmilla, aprile 2016)
Giorgio Griziotti, Neurocapitalismo. Mediazioni tecnologiche e linee di fuga, Mimesis, Milano – Udine, 2016, 260 pagine, € 20,00
Negli ultimi trent’anni la categoria marxiana della “sussunzione reale” è stata spesso utilizzata come cartina di tornasole per leggere materialisticamente molti passaggi epocali che l’avvio della rivoluzione tecnologica e la globalizzazione ci ponevano davanti. Nel suo ricchissimo Neurocapitalismo Giorgio Griziotti argomenta, con grande efficacia, l’avvenuto inveramento/superamento di quella stessa categoria: la transizione dalla sussunzione reale alla “sussunzione vitale”. L’epoca in cui la valorizzazione capitalistica riesce a mettere in valore non solo le forme del lavoro e della cooperazione sociale, ma la vita stessa, nella sua intelligenza, nelle sue potenzialità relazionali, nel suo portato di desideri e aspettative, finanche nella sua nuda essenza.
Il Neurocapitalismo è la fase bio-cognitiva della valorizzazione: la connessione mente, corpo, dispositivi e reti appare inestricabile e definisce la onnipervadenza della mediazione tecnologica. Il soggetto, i suoi desideri, le sue potenzialità, sono integralmente “messi in valore” dentro la dimensione di iperconnessione globale in cui tutta l’umanità, dalle savane alla metropoli, con gradi differenti, è ormai pienamente immersa.
Per scrivere un testo così necessitavano due condizioni: una grande competenza scientifica sulle rivoluzioni tecnologiche in atto da 30 anni e una mai spenta propensione verso la prospettiva della liberazione anticapitalistica; la biografia dell’autore, militante autonomo nel 77 milanese e poi ingegnere per grandi multinazionali delle comunicazioni, risponde a entrambe queste condizioni (ce ne fossero di più di “rossi ed esperti”, in un’epoca in cui scarseggiano gli uni e gli altri…).
Griziotti parte dalle categorie marxiane classiche – la “sussunzione reale”, il general intellect, la scienza come forza produttiva centrale e la legge del valore/lavoro come orizzonte in perenne forzatura, quindi il Marx dei Gundrisse e del “Frammento sulle macchine” (che come tutti i testi profetici si è prestato in 100 anni a ogni genere di interpretazione) – per connettere queste macro categorie ai mutamenti concreti, tecnologici, che hanno scandito l’egemonia della meta macchina informatica. E (passaggio non scontato) come tutte queste soglie tecnologiche abbiano segnato i grandi eventi politico-economici a cavallo dei due secoli: la fine del sistema di Bretton Woods, l’avvio della rivoluzione liberista, l’egemonia del capitale finanziario, la sconfitta operaia in occidente e la gigantesca ridislocazione della divisione internazionale del lavoro che – proprio grazie alla rivoluzione tecnologica – consente la convivenza della vecchia produzione di massa nelle periferie del mondo (mai così tanti operai nella storia) con le nuove forme dello sfruttamento “cognitivo”, quello in cui, appunto, non le braccia ma l’intelligenza, le attitudini cooperative, il sapere sociale consolidato dentro l’esperienza singolare dell’umano, costituiscono la base moderna di estrazione del plusvalore.
Ben narrata, anche per i profani, è la lunga sequenza storica che porta il capitalismo cognitivo ad appropriarsi del movimento del freesoftware e dell’innovazione che l’intelligenza socialmente diffusa è in grado di produrre solo se libera: una dinamica appropriativa che parte dall’epopea di Unix, il primo grande sistema operativo (sviluppato dal basso) e arriva fino alla persistente e raffinata capacità di captazione dei grandi gruppi, a partire da quello di Steve Jobs, che continuano a “recintare” e mettere in valore ciò che nasce come sapere comune.
La storia del capitalismo, ricorda Griziotti, è da sempre il tentativo di “sussumere” saperi e qualità del lavoro vivo dentro la Macchina, fin dal tempo dei telai a vapore; con l’elettronica, negli anni 60/70 il passaggio segna un salto di qualità (simboleggiato dalla macchina a Controllo Numerico e dalle prime linee automatizzate), con l’uomo che cede alla macchina parte dei suoi saperi e si sposta “al fianco” del processo produttivo, con una funzione di sorveglianza e controllo. Da lì, anche sulla spinta del conflitto operaio, si innesterà la formidabile rivoluzione delle comunicazioni nell’ultimo trentennio: un salto quantico nella messa in valore dei saperi, del linguaggio, dei sensi e finanche della sfera emozionale.
La tesi dell’autore è che le nuove tecnologie – nella loro devastante capacità di impatto sull’umano – vadano oltre la dialettica storica macchina/lavoro vivo e definiscano una rivoluzione antropologica in cui viene demolita e rifondata l’essenza stessa della soggettività e ridefinito il bios, la nuda vita. In quest’epoca non solo viene a mancare la tradizionale distinzione tra lavoro e non lavoro, sfera produttiva e non produttiva, non solo la giornata lavorativa si diluisce in un continuum in cui sei perfettamente produttivo anche mentre gironzoli sui social, alimentando i colossali big data che lavorano sui nostri desideri e su come trasformarli in input compulsivi, ma è il confine tra umano e macchina che tende a sfumare: dove finisce e dove comincia la nostra mente/coscienza, dentro l’immersione nel flusso della bioiperconnessione continua? C’è “qualcuno” dentro e distinto da questo flusso? E che cos’è propriamente l’umano, dentro questo scenario, appunto post-umano?
Domande terribili. L’autore cerca di sottrarsi al consueto schieramento tra apocalittici e integrati: tra gli ottimisti che da 20 anni vedono un potenziale di liberazione nella rivoluzione tecnologica (le macchine lavoreranno al posto nostro e noi svilupperemo le facoltà umane liberi dall’assillo del lavoro) e quelli che temono un’irreversibile dittatura digitale totalizzante ormai in atto. Per l’autore il terreno dello scontro è il capitalismo cognitivo, così come è storicamente dato, e anche nel cybertempo e nel cyberspazio continuamente rimodificati dal potere, non possiamo sottrarci a questo terreno, nella necessità di costruire sempre nuove “vie di fuga” in cui un sapere cooperante e costituente, riesca a sottrarsi al comando e alla valorizzazione. Non se ne vedono grandi segnali, al momento, solo qualche potenzialità. Il vecchio militante degli anni 70 ricorda il devastante impatto dell’eroina sui movimenti e lo paragona all’effetto alienante della connessione continua che dà un’illusione di apertura globale e invece isola l’individuo dalla realtà e dalla prossimità umana, nella più brutale delle alienazioni.
L’ultima sezione del libro, la più problematica, è quindi dedicata all’organizzarsi: esistono percorsi e processi reali e attuali, attraverso cui il comune, la cooperazione diffusa, possono riappropriarsi della loro autonomia? Lo scenario è desolato. Nomadismi esistenziali, perenni attraversamenti verso il nulla, che rifiutano le appartenenze (o si rifugiano in quelle più effimere), disegnano un individuo senza approdi nella sfera bio-ipermediatica, dai sensi perennemente saturi, dentro uno spazio tempo continuamente ridefinito da algoritmi e automatismi di sistema studiati per classificare e valorizzare miliardi di singolarità e le loro pratiche.
L’autore sa bene che senza conflitto, le potenzialità del comune (soprattutto sui temi centrali dell’energia e della comunicazione) non si libereranno mai, alla faccia dei profeti alla Rifkin che narrano di transizioni dolci e dell’avvento inevitabile del mondo nuovo dell’abbondanza, della sharing economy e della conoscenza comune.
Ma cosa c’è nell’agenda del presente, come si organizza il lavoro salariato oggi, mentre permangono le sue vecchie modalità di prestazione lavorativa? L’operaio fordista assumeva nella sua figura un intero ciclo di emancipazione ed egemonizzava un largo spettro di figure: programma e composizione di classe marciavano insieme, ma oggi, quale settore di “proletariato cognitivo” è in grado di ripercorrere la moderna filiera del valore – dal facchino al programmatore? E’ il problema dei problemi dell’oggi: la definizione di una nuova cartografia dei soggetti reali in cui “infilare le mani”, al di là delle macro-narrazioni sistemiche.
Decenni di conricerca, l’antica grana operaista, la passione del militante e il sapere accumulato “sul campo”, rendono il lavoro di Griziotti ricco, denso e utile. Neurocapitalismo è un libro poderoso, che apre squarci nuovi e allo stesso tempo produce giusta sintesi su quella che ormai è una massa sterminata di letteratura sulle derive del capitalismo cognitivo.
Mentre mezza Europa si interroga terrorizzata sulla possibile “sottomissione” alla Houellebecq (moloch sapientemente agitato per terrorizzare i popoli europei), così poco ci preoccupiamo della “sottomissione reale” (sinonimo della sussunzione) della nostra esistenza alla merce e al profitto, ormai totalmente dispiegata in ogni ambito della nostra esperienza quotidiana e del nostro spazio-tempo. Nessuna sharia potrebbe condizionarci più brutalmente. Più che un futuro a centralità teocratica, si intravede un orizzonte di nichilismo tecnologico efficacissimo, iperproduttivo e disperato.
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